1. Right Answer: A
Explanation: Serotonin is a substance that is in the body and promotes sleep. Serotonin might play a role in synthesis of a hypnogenic factor that directly causes sleep. Drugs and alcohol can disrupt REM sleep, although they might accelerate the onset of sleep. Basic Care and Comfort
2. Right Answer: D
Explanation: Biological rhythms that follow a cycle lasting about 24 hours are termed circadian rhythm. The sleep-wake cycle is closely linked with cardiac rhythms, such as body temperature. While a person sleeps, core body temperature drops, often reaching the 24-hour low at 4 a.m. When the sleep period shifts, temperature fluctuations also shift to match the new sleep patterns. Basic Care and Comfort
3. Right Answer: D
Explanation: The clients sleep pattern is directly disturbed by the chronic leg pain, which is secondary to the arthritis. This nursing diagnosis is the appropriate one to directly deal with comfort measures and the like. Basic Care and Comfort
4. Right Answer: A
Explanation: Packed red blood cells contain antigens and antibodies that must be matched between donor and recipient. Choices 2, 3, and 4 do not contain red cells; thus, they require no cross-matching. Pharmacological Therapies
5. Right Answer: D
Explanation: Microorganisms that infect CVADs are often coagulase-negative staphylococci, which can be eliminated by antibiotic administration through the catheter. If unsuccessful in eliminating the microorganism, the CVAD must be removed. CVAD use lessens the need for peripheral IV lines and thus the risk of infiltration. In this case, however, the antibiotics are given to eradicate microorganisms from the CVAD. CVAD use has the effect described in Choice 2, but in this case, the antibiotics are given through the CVAD to eliminate the infective agent. The route does not prevent an allergic reaction. Pharmacological Therapies
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